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The group responsible for a controversial 鈥溾�� for teachers is听听from activists, teachers and academics.

听was created by the counter-terrorism minister, Michael Keenan, along with a team of experts. It sparked听听for its use of fictional case studies.

One example included a university student called Karen who left home and became an environmental activist. She started listening to alternative music and ended up being arrested for sabotaging forestry machinery. The example, in the 鈥淰iolent Extremism鈥� section of the anti-radicalisation handbook, inspired the听听hashtag as the public took to Twitter to mock the scenario.

The handbook resulted in The Daily Telegraph running a piece titled 鈥溾�� 鈥� an indication of the panic about radicalisation in schools.

It鈥檚 clear that better structural measures are required. Racism, bullying, cultural and religious blindness, misogyny and economic inequality are听听for interpreting various kinds of youth extremism. These factors are sometimes reinforced on an institutional level and contribute to further marginalisation and stigmatisation.

We need better ways of听听how schools and universities should interpret and address the process leading to extremism, rather than just providing a checklist of behaviours.

We need to respect and engage with the diverse and fluid ways young people express themselves, rather than perpetuate and reinforce conservative or monocultural norms.

Time to rethink the curriculum

罢丑别听听by the president of the NSW Teachers鈥� Federation, Maurie Mulheron, reflects the need for more communication with teachers in approaching extremism in schools. A key solution may be in curriculum reform.

In order to engage marginalised and stigmatised young people it is important to instil respect and a sense of belonging. This involves transforming the themes and topics we teach, and reconsidering how we convey the information. A number of recent university movements present us with important models and new methods for tackling systemic bias and exclusion in all forms of education.

Academics and students involved in the听听补苍诲听campaigns in South Africa and the听听补苍诲听听campaigns at听听inspired a group at the听听to initiate discussions around the diversity of university courses.

罢丑别听听campaign is designed to analyse the curriculum in Australia and New Zealand and the ways in which it replicates and reinforces the concept of听.

The campaign aims to 鈥渄ecolonise鈥� the subjects that shape the curriculum. It听听by exposing and challenging other issues: teaching methods that assume culturally and socially specific forms of background knowledge and ability, and limit the participation of students from marginalised groups; classroom set-up that is non-inclusive and inhibits marginalised students; and exclusionary practices听.

It suggests that teachers can develop a curriculum that challenges whiteness by:

• rethinking certain Eurocentric notions that are displayed as neutral and normal

• reframing basic questions in the humanities that assume Eurocentric concepts

• encouraging students to take initiative in finding and incorporating neglected thinkers and ideas in order to help dismantle the white curriculum.

Only by following these objectives will schools and universities help to eradicate discrimination, encourage intercultural respect and combat violent extremism.

We need to improve the discussion about the role of whiteness, coloniality (two interrelated concepts) and听听discrimination in the curriculum. An intersectional approach is critical because it recognises different forms of domination and marginalisation 鈥� such as racism, sexism, classism, historical injustice and prejudice based on religion 鈥� as inextricably linked.

Ignoring these issues is detrimental for both teachers and their students. It risks having an impact on student performance, complicating teacher-student relationships and clouding the ability to see and think beyond racial categories.

A learning environment that validates the identity and cultural background of marginalised groups is an achievable step in the right direction towards addressing extremism.

Omid Tofighian is an ARC Research Assistant and Honorary Associate in the Department of Philosophy. This article was first published in .听