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Scientists have found sneaky swirls and loops of movement in materials such as soil and snow could influence how materials move. The knowledge could be invaluable in understanding how avalanches and landslides on Earth and Mars speed up or slow down. Understanding this phenomenon could also benefit various industries, from construction to the operation of silos during grain filling and discharge.

Just like atoms in a river, when particles move in snow or soil, they do not always follow the path of their neighbours. It has long been theorised among researchers that underneath the surface of such materials, there are hidden currents and eddies that could impact the destructive power of avalanches and landslides.

Called ‘secondary flow’, the process has never been observed under the surface, as it was not possible to see through the materials as they flow.

An international team of scientists led by the ������ has now successfully mapped and captured this phenomenon within the bulk of flowing grains for the first time. This was achieved using DynamiX, a unique X-ray radiation technology built by the scientists to uncover the existence of secondary flow. 

The scientists used a simultaneous three-directional X-ray system to look inside flowing soil masses in real-time. Specially designed algorithms were developed to process data and map the movement.

The findings, published in , are a milestone in the field of granular physics. The study also involved researchers from the IGE laboratory at University Grenoble Alpes, and INRAE. 

“Granular materials are everywhere. It’s important to understand the physics of how they flow and interact: from tiny grains of sand or snow, or even pieces of rocks in minerals processing, granular materials  can either behave like solids and flow like fluids, such as during landslides or when we discharge silos”, said senior researcher Professor Itai Einav, from the University’s School of Civil Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering. 

“The existence of secondary flow has been an enduring theory in granular physics, but it has never been confirmed in 3D and in real-time. Uncovering secondary flow and understanding how it influences the movement of granular media will open new possibilities for industry and research,” said Professor Einav, who is also director of the Sydney Centre in Geomechanics and Mining Materials (SciGEM).

Behind an immense lead-lined door in a quiet corner of the School of Civil Engineering, is an instrument custom-built to analyse granular physics, which played a key role in confirming secondary granular flow.

“We were determined to understand the fast flow of granular media, but there wasn’t any equipment available on the market, so we decided to build it ourselves,” says Professor Einav.

DynamiX was built over five years, but the idea came to Professor Einav’s team nearly a decade ago.

A set of three perpendicular X-ray tubes and detectors mounted on a modular frame, allows positioning the X-ray pairs to examine any vessel of grains that is transparent to X-ray radiography.

With DynamiX, the team can study almost any kind of flowing mixed material, from glass beads, soil to foams, wet or dry.

For the experiment, the team used a conveyor belt to drive a pile of glass beads against a wall, seeing how surface bumps and dips were formed.

The lead-lined door protects researchers from the radiation emitted by DynamiX’s three powerful X-ray tube-detector pairs that pointed at the particle vessel, to reveal movements hidden inside the material.

Observing from a control room, researchers watched as the grains swirled and rolled in complex 3D patterns underneath the flow’s surface.

Professor Einav believes DynamiX is the only instrument of its kind to study granular flows both in real time and in 3D.

“The next mystery to solve is the secondary flow’s origin, and whether its strength influenced by the properties of the flowing material. Our goal is to develop models that can explain these questions mathematically,”

First author Dr Andres-Felipe Escobar-Rincon said the team initially wanted to study how granular flows (like avalanches or landslides) behave when they hit an obstacle, such as a retaining wall.

“However, once we noticed variations on the surface and examined their internal velocities with X-rays, we realised we were looking at complex interactions that occur beyond avalanches and landslides,” said Dr Escobar-Rincon. He conducted the study as part of his PhD at the ������, in cotutelle with the Université Grenoble Alpes, where he is now based.

“Now we are curious about what drives them.”

Declaration: The authors declare no competing interests.